Editorial Standards

How we research and recommend — and how we make money.

How we recommend

Our recommendations are research-based. We compare products against documented criteria — security architecture, privacy policy and jurisdiction, independent audit history, platform support, usability, price and renewal price, and support quality — using the vendor's own published documentation together with primary sources: published independent security audits, results from recognised testing laboratories such as AV-TEST and AV-Comparatives, regulatory filings, and breach and incident disclosures.

We do not currently publish first-hand laboratory testing. Where a guide cites a measurement, that measurement comes from a named third-party source and is linked, so you can check it yourself. If we begin running and documenting our own tests, we will say so explicitly on the guides concerned and describe the method here.

We review comparison guides at least twice a year and update them when products, prices, ownership or audit results change. The date shown on a guide is the date of its last review.

How affiliate links work

Some links on this site are affiliate links. If you buy through them, we may earn a commission at no additional cost to you. Commercial relationships never determine our rankings or scores — a product cannot pay to rank higher. See ouraffiliate disclosure for details.

Corrections

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